Drawing, Handwriting Processing Analysis: New Advances and Challenges

International audienceDrawing and handwriting are communicational skills that are fundamental in geopolitical, ideological and technological evolutions of all time. drawingand handwriting are still useful in defining innovative applications in numerous fields. In this regard, researchers have to solve new problems like those related to the manner in which drawing and handwriting become an efficient way to command various connected objects; or to validate graphomotor skills as evident and objective sources of data useful in the study of human beings, their capabilities and their limits from birth to decline

La police devrait-elle cibler les taudis malfamés ?

Les modèles de police de résolution de problèmes et de police communautaire sont souvent présentés en opposition l’un de l’autre. Le présent article propose l’évaluation d’une intervention policière qui incorporait des ingrédients des deux modèles et qui avait pour objectif de mettre fin au foyer de désordres causés par un immeuble de location de chambres. L’étude, qui utilise les appels 911 faits par les locataires des immeubles d’appartements d’un quartier de Montréal, départage les effets spécifiques d’une police de proximité et d’une police de résolution de problèmes. Les résultats de l’évaluation indiquent qu’un régime de patrouille intensive stimule la fréquence des appels 911 faits par les citoyens et que la stratégie de profiler un taudis de mauvaise réputation pour faire diminuer les désordres dans l’ensemble du quartier n’a pas été, dans le site observé, particulièrement concluante.Problem-oriented and community policing are often contrasted. In this paper we evaluate the impact of a police crackdown that incorporates ingredients of both approaches in an effort to neutralize tenants of a troublesome flophouse. Weekly 911 calls by tenants of all block apartments located in a Montreal neighborhood are analyzed. The evaluation design isolates the specific effects of both ingredients. Findings show that intensive patrol surveillance increases residents’ propensity to report disorders and that the strategy to reduce disorder levels by targeting place managers and other agencies was not particularly successful.Los modelos de policía orientada hacia la resolución de problemas y de policía de proximidad son a menudo presentados como opuestos. Este artículo evalúa una intervención policiaca que incorporó elementos de ambos modelos y cuyo objetivo era poner fin a desórdenes originados a partir de un edificio de habitaciones de alquiler. El estudio analiza las llamadas de emergencia (número 911) realizadas por inquilinos de edificios de apartamentos de un barrio de Montreal y desagrega los efectos específicos de una policía de proximidad y una policía orientada hacia la resolución de problemas. Los resultados de la evaluación indican que la vigilancia intensiva de la policía estimula la frecuencia de llamadas al 911 por parte de los ciudadanos y que la estrategia de vigilar estrechamente un inmueble de mala reputación para hacer disminuir los desórdenes en todo el barrio no fue particularmente concluyente en el sitio observado

Can sexual selection theory inform genetic management of captive populations? A review

International audienceCaptive breeding for conservation purposes presents a serious practical challenge because several conflicting genetic processes (i.e., inbreeding depression, random genetic drift and genetic adaptation to captivity) need to be managed in concert to maximize captive population persistence and reintroduction success probability. Because current genetic management is often only partly successful in achieving these goals, it has been suggested that management insights may be found in sexual selection theory (in particular, female mate choice). We review the theoretical and empirical literature and consider how female mate choice might influence captive breeding in the context of current genetic guidelines for different sexual selection theories (i.e., direct benefits, good genes, compatible genes, sexy sons). We show that while mate choice shows promise as a tool in captive breeding under certain conditions, for most species, there is currently too little theoretical and empirical evidence to provide any clear guidelines that would guarantee positive fitness outcomes and avoid conflicts with other genetic goals. The application of female mate choice to captive breeding is in its infancy and requires a goal-oriented framework based on the needs of captive species management, so researchers can make honest assessments of the costs and benefits of such an approach, using simulations, model species and captive animal data

Hélène Bonafous-Murat, expert indépendant

Comment devient-on expert dans le domaine de l’estampe ? Il n’y a que des cas particuliers. Pour ma part, je suis tombée dedans comme Obélix dans la potion magique : j’avais une vingtaine d’années, je sortais de mes études et Arsène Bonafous-Murat, mon beau-père, avait besoin d’une assistante. J’ai adoré le premier mois passé chez lui, et suis finalement restée un an. Après avoir terminé mon cursus universitaire, j’ai décidé de travailler dans son magasin d’estampes au lieu de cherche un post..

Michèle Broutta, galeriste et éditeur

Michèle Broutta, vous possédez une galerie spécialisée dans l’estampe depuis trente ans et avez largement contribué à la diffusion de cet art à Paris : comment devient-on galeriste ? J’ai commencé par travailler dans l’édition littéraire en 1950, après avoir suivi en même temps ce qu’on appelait à l’époque du secrétariat de direction et des cours de psychologie et de sociologie en Sorbonne. Un stage était proposé à la Librairie Plon et j’ai commencé à travailler dans le domaine de l’édition. ..

Impact of gneissic layering and localized incipient melting upon melt flow during experimental deformation of migmatites

International audienceIn this study, we test experimentally the role of compositional layering as a key parameter for controlling melt flow in a natural migmatite during coaxial deformation. We performed in – situ pure-shear experiments on two natural gneisses. The first gneiss is weakly foliated with minerals homogenously distributed. The second gneiss shows a pronounced compositional layering of alternating quartz – feldspar – rich and biotite – muscovite – rich layers. Experimental conditions were selected to obtain homogeneous melt distribution in the homogeneous gneiss and heterogeneous melt distribution in the layered gneiss. Initial melt distribution is not modified by deformation in experiments on the homogeneous gneiss, implying that melting products did not migrate from their initiation sites. In contrast, melt flowed in shear zones or in inter-boudin positions during experimental deformation of the heterogeneous gneiss. These experiments attest to the strong influence of initial gneissic layering on melting pattern, melt segregation and flow during deformation of partially molten rocks

Does recognized genetic management in supportive breeding prevent genetic changes in life-history traits?

International audienceSupportive breeding is one of the last resort conservation strategies to avoid species extinction. Management of captive populations is challenging because several harmful genetic processes need to be avoided. Several recommendations have been proposed to limit these deleterious effects, but empirical assessments of these strategies remain scarce. We investigated the outcome of a genetic management in a supportive breeding for the Houbara Bustard. At the phenotypic level, we found an increase over generations in the mean values of gamete production, body mass and courtship display rate. Using an animal model, we found that phenotypic changes reflected genetic changes as evidenced by an increase in breeding values for all traits. These changes resulted from selection acting on gamete production and to a lesser extent on courtship display. Selection decreased over years for female gametes, emphasizing the effort of managers to increase the contribution of poor breeders to offspring recruited in the captive breeding. Our results shed light on very fast genetic changes in an exemplary captive programme that follows worldwide used recommendations and emphasizes the need of more empirical evidence of the effects of genetic guidelines on the prevention of genetic changes in supportive breeding

Origin of the Voc enhancement with a p-doped nc-SiOx:H window layer in n-i-p solar cells

The introduction of a nc-SiOx:H material as window layer in single junction a-Si:H n-i-p solar cell leads to a Voc enhancement of 80 mV compared to a μc-Si:H p-layer. According to numerical modeling of the Voc, both the higher work function p-layer and the conduction band offset (CBO) at the i/p interface match well with the experimental Voc increase with the oxygen content. Using the differential temperature method, the builtin voltage (Vbi) of the cells with the two different p-layers is measured to be similar, agreeing well with the CBO model. Thus we attribute the improvement of the Voc to the reduction of recombination at the i/p interface, as a consequence of the CBO in this region

2-Substituted vs 4-substituted-9,9′-spirobifluorene host materials for green and blue phosphorescent OLEDs: a structure-property relationship study

Nanotek for organic synthesis, and organic synthesis for nanotekInternational audienceWe report a structure-property relationship study of four 9,9′-spirobifluorene (SBF) derivatives (4-5Pm-SBF, 2-5Pm-SBF, 4-Ph-SBF and 2-Ph-SBF), substituted with either phenyl or pyrimidine at the \C2\ or \C4\ position of the \SBF\ core. Structural, thermal, electrochemical and photophysical properties have been examined and correlated to theoretical calculations in order to study the influence of the nature and the position of the substituent. The emission properties of 4- versus 2-substituted \SBFs\ are noticeably different highlighting, in the excited state, the remarkable effect of substitution in ortho position of SBF. All compounds have been used as host material for green dopant in PhOLEDs with very high performances (2-5Pm-SBF: CE>58 cd/A, PE>35 lm/W, EQE>14%). More importantly, the two 4-substituted \SBFs\ have been used as host materials in blue PhOLEDs, displaying high performance and a decrease of \VTH\ for 4-5Pm-SBF due to the incorporation of the electron-withdrawing pyrimidine